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The following Halachos are meant as a brief overview of standard Halachos relevant to a Shabbos morning Kiddush. The following should be kept in mind: (1) not every circumstance, detail, or opinion is mentioned (if in doubt - ask!) (2) one should not extrapolate from these Halachos to Kiddush on Friday night, the Pesach Seder, etc (3) some basic sources are given for those who wish to look up the Halacha (SA=Shulchan Aruch; MB=Mishnah Berurah; BHL= Biur Halacha; SSK= Shemiras Shabbos KiHilchasa)
ONE MUST HEAR THE ENTIRE BERACHA BOREI PRI HAGAFEN
One can fulfill the obligation of Kiddush by hearing just the Beracha Borei Pri HaGafen, even if one did not hear the Pesukim customarily said prior to Kiddush.
If you do not hear this Beracha, you have not fulfilled the obligation of Kiddush.
The person who hears the Beracha does not need to drink from the cup of Kiddush to fulfill the Mitzva. (SA 271:14)
SOMEONE WHO DID NOT HEAR THE BERACHA SHOULD MAKE KIDDUSH ON ONES OWN
A Kiddush cup, rather than a disposable cup, should be used for Kiddush. (SSK 47:11)
The person making Kiddush must drink a cheekful (approximately 1.6 fl.oz) from the cup. (SA 271:13)
A woman can say Kiddush on her own, and there is no need to ask a man to exempt her. (SA 271:2)
Some have a practice of saying Kiddush on a small cup of shnapps. While some Poskim criticized this practice (MB 272:30), others have defended it, so one who has such a custom may continue to do so.
COMMON SCENARIO: THE HUSBAND HEARD KIDDUSH, BUT THE WIFE DID NOT
The wife can certainly make Kiddush on her own. If she prefers not to:
If the husband did not drink any wine or grape juice, he can make Kiddush on Shabbos morning for his wife, even if he already began eating.
If the husband already drank wine or grape juice, the wife should make Kiddush on his/her own. If this is not feasible, the husband may make Kiddush for her.
EAT A KEZAYIS OF CAKE OR OTHER MEZONOS FOOD (E.G. CRACKERS, NOODLE KUGEL)
A Kezayis is an olive size measurement, required to fulfill the obligation of Kiddush BiMakom Seudah - having a meal in conjunction with Kiddush (SA 271:1). It should be eaten soon after Kiddush. (SA 273:3).
The Kezayis must be eaten within a 3-4 minute time span (Kedai Achilas Pras).
The volume of a Kezayis is 1 fluid oz of food.
Two common examples: 6 Tam Tams=1 Kezayis; Piece of marble cake (1 inch thick), 1x2=1 Kezayis.
If there is no Mezonos food left, one can drink 3 fl. oz of wine or grape juice in order to have a seudah (SA 273:5). If this is not possible, and one is hungry, one may eat other food at the Kiddush (MB 273:26). However, in this case, one is obligated to say Kiddush prior to the Shabbos meal.
BERACHA ON CHOLENT
If the cholent has barley in it, the appropriate Beracha is Mezonos.
If one is relying on the cholent to eat a Kezayis of Mezonos (needed for Kiddush BiMakon Seudah) , one needs to be confident that a Kezayis of barley was consumed within 3-4 minutes. If you are not sure, cake or other mezonos food can be eaten to make certain that a Kezayis has been eaten within this time frame.
AL HAMICHYA SHOULD BE SAID WHILE SITTING DOWN (SA 183:10)
Explanation: Birchas HaMazon said over bread must be said while sitting down. Al Hamichya is an abbreviated version of Birchas HaMazon, and therefore needs to be said while seated.
If one drank more than a Kezayis of wine or grape juice, one should include Al HaGefen Veal Pri HaGefen together with the Al Hamichya (MB 208:82).
One must say the Beracha of Borei Nefashos after eating other foods such as potato kugel, fruit, etc. The Borei Nefashos can be said while standing.
Upon drinking wine or grape juice, one is exempt from making a Beracha before or after drinks consumed at the Kiddush - e.g. no Shehakol or Borei Nefashos over soda (SA 174:2). Many Poskim today assert that this is true only if one drinks at least a cheekful (1.6 fl. oz) of wine or grape juice (BHL s.v. yayin).
ONE IS NOT OBLIGATED TO REPEAT KIDDUSH AT HOME
Most authorities hold that if one heard Kiddush and ate a Kezayis of Mezonos, the person does not need to say Kiddush again prior to eating ones Shabbos meal at home. Some have a custom to repeat Kiddush, and this has a basis in Halacha.
If a family member or guest has not fulfilled the Mitzva of Kiddush yet (including a situation in which they heard Kiddush, but did not eat a Kezayis of Mezonos afterwards), that individual is obligated to make Kiddush before the Shabbos meal.. The individual can say it on his/her own, or it can be said for them, even by someone who already made Kiddush in Shul.
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